Educating Jeremy Page
By Sudharshan Seneviratne
Professor of Archaeology, University of Peradeniya
Director-General, Central Cultural Fund
(This article is placed before public knowledge in an effort to rectify erroneous and callous reporting and not for purposes of engaging in a public debate. As much as the reader is free to express his or her views on this subject, the author will not respond to supporting or opposing views any further).
Time and again the ‘Empire Strikes Back’, both, literally and metaphorically! Throughout the Modern Period, the long arm of Colonialism visited and continues to revisit lands distantly located from its metropolis in various forms – as a conquering power, crusading hero, paternal benefactor and even magnanimous peace maker with a bleeding-heart!! Its modus operandi is multi faceted. They range from direct coaxing through their own agencies to the use of multi nationals and the articulation of ideas and ideology through a section of its print and electronic media - which literally functions as the Fifth Column (apologies to General Franco) of the Post Colonial Metropolitan states.
I do not wish to concern myself with innumerable instances of negative reporting carried out by a section of the western media in the past few decades on South Asia in general and Sri Lanka in particular - a body of world literature that is well known and extensively discussed. My concern is about a recent article by Mr. Jeremy Page (JP) titled Archaeology sparks new conflict between Sri Lankan Tamils and Sinhalese, published in (London) The Times on April 6 2010.
My response, done in the capacity of an archaeologist-historian, is to place before public knowledge the actual information provided by the present writer to JP, who in turn ‘forgot’ to record it in his article and the ideological justification that subverts information, which negates good reporting.
‘Ideology of misery’
Section of the First World media makes it its business, quite literally, to seek out ‘Information of disaster and misery’. If the said information is not in existence it then becomes their sanctified professional endeavor to create such information or blow a situation out of proportion, especially in the developing countries. It is then peppered it with inherent biases and prejudices compromising all decent standards of reporting and of human values. Such sentiments and activism never respects the long term consequences of sowing disharmony and divisions in society leading to further disasters and misery. This, in fact, is the classic art of creating misery, thriving in that misery and then posing themselves as the redeemer of misery. While one recognizes the service done by a section of the International media disseminating value-added information on humane concerns to the world at large, the track record of a section of the Western media is punctuated with dismal situations perpetuating conflict and dissension. Bad reporting, factual misinterpretation, subversion of information, doctoring of data and the application of double standards tends to negate whatever credibility any media house had crowned itself for good practice over the centuries. One expects a journalist to seek out facts and present them for the public to decide. This is expected to be done without framing such information within the mental rubric of pre conceived notions, biases, prejudices and even ignorance of the reporter.
There is a compulsive effort on the part of JP to psychologically condition the reader, especially his western audience, the Tamil-speaking community in Sri Lanka and the diapora before the media ambush. It essentially perpetuates the notion of communal identities as water-tight compartments and that there is a sustained competing interest between these two. (JP seems to have a memory loss about the vertical division between the North and East and the lost community in the tea plantations.) His argument then follows the logic of presenting a section of the population in Sri Lanka as the oppressed and the other as the oppressor, not based on class but on ethnicity. JP then moves on to tools of oppression and presents archaeological heritage as one such medium. His selection of words and construction of sentences is reminiscent of the Colonial mind-set with a mission to racialise, divide and rule, mythologize and hegemonise. Hegemony here is the authority to ‘order information’ - information that sets the benchmark by a section of the Western media to the world. Finally, he unfolds the underlying message of the ‘conspiracy theory’ and ‘persecution psyche’. Implicit in this message is, after the recently concluded war against terrorism in Sri Lanka, the emergence of a new wave of cultural colonialism using archaeology and heritage as a facade.
The ease with which JP quotes the words of individuals in the construction of his story (contextually disjointed though) and his pre conceived biases and prejudices are most evident in the following lines (emphasis mine): "….the army – recruited from the Sinhalese Buddhist majority; …..the area had been populated for centuries by the ethnic Tamil minority, which is mostly Hindu; …. part of plan to "rediscover" Buddhist sites;…others want more Tamil archaeologists involved as well as foreign experts or the UN to ensure that the work is objective; President Rajapaksa, the country’s ethnic Sinhalese leader; …to colonize the area, to show it belongs to the Sinhalese; …Environment Minister and his approval is required to excavate and protect sites;…Sinhala chauvinism that ultimately drove the Tigers to launch their armed struggle;… many Tamil archaeologists fled into exile overseas; …declined to be identified for fear of reprisals;… said one Tamil historian overseas, who did not want to be identified for fear of endangering relatives in Sri Lanka. Foreign archaeologists …say that the country …needs to move past the ethnic issue! In addition, JP must also rectify factual errors in his article. For instance; license to excavate or explore archaeological sites is given by the Director General of Archaeology and not by the Minister for Environment; it is Sigiriya and not Polonnaruwa that is famous for its frescoes; the last few kings of Kandy were of South Indian origin. He even identifies the LTTE as ‘rebels’!
For JP his interviews with Tamil speaking scholars and some local overseas individuals (probably from the diaspora) become a definitive bench-mark substantiating his philosophy. He even finds one British archaeologist credible enough to drive home his point. Information provided by the ‘other’, whom JP identifies as ‘Government Archaeologists’ – meaning myself and Dr. Senarath Dissanayake (Director General, Archaeology Department) is of little consequence to his central theory. The information provided by us is wilted down to about 11 sentences in the whole article! Perhaps, it did not fit in to the larger canvass of his persecution psyche and conspiracy cum misery theory! My discussion with JP on two occasions, which lasted for nearly forty five minutes, is reduced to six lines in all, and that too giving the words a different slant on the President of Sri Lanka. Most of the details I outlined about the on going work by the Central Cultural Fund (CCF) using Heritage for Conflict Resolution and Peace Education are not featured even in a single line! It is therefore necessary to place before public knowledge some facts that were not printed by JP and in turn question his own parochialisms and the credibility of his reporting as well.
Contextualizing parochialism
If Mr. Page expects a miracle that makes people forget overnight the terrible incidents of the war and factors leading to that war, he is quite obviously on the wrong planet. As much as Sri Lanka will not have a ‘Truth Commission’ in the lines of South Africa (even there, has black or white apartheid ended?) a slow process of reconciliation is on track in Sri Lanka and this must be supported and nurtured in order to counter and dilute parochialisms that were always prevalent and yet prevail within sections of the Tamil speaking as well as Sinhala speaking communities. Please cite any country and community that does not have parochialisms and inherent racisms or sectional ideologies. Try the United Kingdom! One must understand that in contemporary times the archaeologist or historian has to resolve his or her professional status with ‘competing interest’ of parochial individuals and organizations anywhere in the world.
Post war scenario has placed Sri Lanka at cross roads. Whether we venture along the old destructive, parochial and confrontational path or alternatively along a path of trust, understanding and accommodation that are critical to the long term sustenance of the social fabric of this island society. This is precisely why when activities are underway – even in a limited way – to change the inward looking parochial mind set, working together on shared heritage, brining back the next generation to appreciate the wonderful diversity and plurality of this country, one must not undermine this process by appealing again and again to the primordial tribal sentiments to ignite another round of confrontations that will foster untold misery on all communities. I personally experienced the warm reception accorded to us by the teaching staff and students of University of Jaffna recently, which was an emotional experience to all of us. There was the warmth of human beings reaching out to each other devoid of any inhibitions or reservations and above all an expression of mutual respect and cordiality.
JP has not grasped the history of Sri Lanka and the essentials of the past that were read in relation to identities through Colonial and Nationalist historiography. It is easy to pick up the Colonial mind set of the Orientalist in such writings. The ideological justification for the existence of the Colonial regime was inscribed in Colonial historiography nurtured in the traditions of antiquarianism and Orientalism. They romanticized the Mediterranean Classical civilization and juxtaposed it with the barbaric cultures located to the east of its domain. This tunnel view was extended to the colonial empire in categorizing the Orient as static, despotic and backward. The White Mans’ Burden to civilize the uncivilized was carried out with great zeal and conviction. They invented the ‘Martial Races’ and the myth of the Aryan and Dravidian races including a North – South dichotomy equating physical zones with the imagined ‘racial’ habitat and provided archaeological, anthropological and historical ‘evidence’ justifying the existence of their ‘imagined communities’. Some were superior and others inferior races. The proximity to the Colonial Master (having so called ‘Aryan’ physical features) provided a particular ‘race’ and region with superior status vis a vis the other. This Colonial historiographic baggage completed with imagined races, ‘homeland’ theories and the equation of ancient material culture with racial identities was imposed on the Brown Mans’ shoulders in the late Colonial and post Colonial periods in South Asia. This was to be the ideology of radical nationalism and racism particularly in South Asia. It is common sense knowledge that this historical mindset and the baggage of identities bestowed upon us by Colonialism cannot disappear overnight and haunts us yet as the events in India and Sri Lanka unfold even in contemporary times.
Following a near four hundred years of Colonial occupation and a thirty year war, problems of globalization including aggressive evangelical movements’ one must understand issues of identity formation, fears of cultural dilution and even social and class dislocation that is common to any community that has undergone such a traumatic experience and their response to it. The uses and misuses of history by almost every nation and every country in the world, including Sri Lanka, have been discussed in our previous writings and published locally and internationally. We have been working for over two decades towards understanding diversity, shared culture and plurality under very volatile and difficult circumstances facing a barrage of threats and criticisms from racist elements on both sides of the fence. Even under such trying circumstances, young school children and undergraduates of various ethnic and religious origins (a majority of them as Mr. Page would call ‘Sinhala-Buddhist’) participated with absolute conviction and resolution in programs on cultural plurality and shared culture. It is through their discussions, debates, exhibitions, publications and even poetry writing that we were able to evolve the concept known as Heritage for Conflict Resolution. This concept in its definitive form was presented by us in 2007 at Kathmandu under the title People to People Connectivity and Peace Interaction: Redefining Heritage for Conflict Resolution (Published by the Embassy of Sri Lanka. Kathmandu).
In my own writings in the past I have been strongly critical of state sponsored organizations for its parochialism. Two wrongs do not make a right. As much as there are individuals and organizations that subscribe to parochial views in the south Mr. Page seems to forget the subversion of history carried out in the north and east where the LTTE fine tuned that process consolidating parochial identities on the one hand and simultaneously carrying out ethnic cleansing consolidating its ideology of a mono culture or the Dravidian race on the other. JP claims that "many Tamil archaeologists fled into exile overseas". He may wish to be educated that some brilliant historians and archaeologists of Jaffna University fled this country when the LTTE forced them to rewrite the history of the Tamil speaking people from their point of view. In his most valued book (The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity. 2005) Professor K. Indrapala inscribed the following moving dedication "To the innocents who lost their lives as a direct consequence of misinterpretation of history" which is a must read line by all blood-thirsty social fascists in any community. These scholars did not accept parochialism and the falsification of history. One cannot sweep under the carpet the lives of Rajini Tiranagama, Neelan Thiruchelvam and Laksman Kadirgamar (to mention a few) that were permanently lost to the Tamil-speaking community when they were physically eliminated by the LTTE.
In this sense JP’s statement that it is "Sinhala chauvinism that ultimately drove the Tigers to launch their armed struggle" is a simple reduction of a complex historical problem into one line and simultaneously missing out several chapters in the history of Colonialism and post Colonial racist nationalism leading to such an unfortunate mind set in this island.
In our recent studies, we have emphasized the need to de-mythologize such parochial identities (in the south or north Sri Lanka) and the need to have an objective view of historical processes. The ground realities of the sub continental situation also demand that scholarly studies in reading the past must be devoid of parochialism, especially for the purpose educating the next generation of identities and its underlying social ideology. Humane and socially aware intellectuals must proceed beyond the narrow confines of the mere exercise of the academic. It calls for a critical examination of the untold misery caused by ethnic conflict in the former colonies of Britain and post Communist countries of Europe. It is also their social responsibility to provide the society at large with an alternative strategy for social change against a self-destructive path taken by social fascism dislocating historically evolved social systems in South Asia, or for that matter those found elsewhere in the world.
In this connection, there are two fundamental issues that need to be answered. First, at what point of time do individuals, groups or organizations stand up and begin to think of remedial strategies to rectify the wrongs and injustices in reading the past? Second, as much as one respects ones own heritage inherited from birth, it is an imperative and social responsibility to respect the heritage of one’s neighbour and in the context of Sri Lanka (as well as most countries) appreciate diversity and the shared culture that is historically endowed to us - which is indeed a living reality.
Given below is a long list of remedial strategies that have been applied in our individual capacity and through government agencies leading to inclusiveness. Most activities of the Central Cultural Fund in the past two years were carried out with the knowledge and directives of the President Mahinda Rajapaksa.
CCF and inclusiveness
Well before the war ended professional archaeologists were looking at remedial strategies in the application of non-parochial and professional archaeology in Sri Lanka. A team led by Dr. Siran Deraniyagala (former Director General of Archaeology) formulated the National Archaeology Policy under the aegis of the Archaeology Department of Sri Lanka, which was officially enacted in 2006 by an Act of Parliament. Its policy implementation statement notes the following in Section 3.iv (my emphasis):
The programs and related projects for achieving the above-mentioned objectives require to be formulated as a master plan on short-, medium- and long-term bases. It shall be reviewed, and revised if necessary, once every three years, or as the need arises. In order to eliminate parochial bias, the review panel will consist of Sri Lankan and international professional archaeologists of proven competence. Codes of practice for implementing the master plan shall be formulated.These will be reviewed, and revised if necessary, once every five years or as the need arises.
Following this, the CCF unfolded its year 20/20 work program at an official ceremony known as Heritage Excellence 2007. The mission statement to the next generation of archaeologist announced at that program read:
"The science of archaeology is problem-oriented and issue-related. It is essentially a multi disciplinary study investigating, documenting, interpreting and presenting human expressions, experiences and behavior patterns of the past to its rightful inheritors, the next generation. The archaeologist investigating the past is a scientist who is objective, unbiased and unprejudiced. Above all, an archaeologist is a humanist and social activist who does not fear the past or compromises the future".
At the same program the CCF also redefined heritage and its parameters for related futuristic activities. Heritage was situated beyond culture per se. In this redefinition heritage came to be based on four integral components - Environment, Culture, and Knowledge from the past and the Next Generation. The CCF since then has undertaken a series of activities and has left behind a permanent bench-mark for pockets good practice on heritage management especially disseminating professional standards and information to the next generation devoid of parochialisms.
Enumerated blow is a list of such activities, also mentioned in my conversation with Mr. Page, that were disregarded in his article.
* The CCF was involved in the Galle heritage city conservation program since 2005 with Netherlands funding. It preserved relics of the Colonial culture devoid of parochialism. The CCF was presented with the Asia-Pacific Award for excellence by UNESCO for its high quality conservation of the Dutch Reformed Church in Galle.
* In 2007 the CCF completed the multi religious museum at Kataragama. At the inaugural ceremony the President emphasized the significance of Kataragama as a place of convergence for different cultures and religions. The significance of and the Pilgrims Route or Pada yatra originating from the north reaching Kataragama was remembered as a medium of connectivity and shared culture. (The Pada Yatra is now reviewed to be listed as a World Heritage under Intangible Heritage).
* In 2008 the Cabinet of Ministers passed the mandatory rule of adhering to all three languages in all government notices. Based on that directive, all display panels at Museums managed by the CCF since 2007 are presented in the Sinhala, Tamil and English languages. (Until then most of the panels were only in the Sinhala language).
* In 2008 the Cabinet of Ministers gave a directive to list all heritage sites important to all religious groups and prioritize their development for the pilgrims and tourists. The CCF initiated cultural mapping and commenced data gathering from the Provincial Councils.
* In 2009 a secular museum was established (with Japanese funding) at the Sigiriya World Heritage site, which was inaugurated by the President.
* In 2010 the Galle Marine Archaeology Museum was inaugurated by the President. This museum is a show piece of the diversity expressed in the culture of this island. Its presentations celebrate all diverse religions, cultures, languages and ethnicities that peopled this island. The introduction to the souvenir presented to the President at that occasion carried the following lines: "Sri Lanka was peopled by periodic community intrusions and interactions since the Stone Age resulting in the introduction of a variety of ideas, technological traditions, dialects, and belief systems into this island. The central location of Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean Rim on the one hand and its centrality between two World systems to the West and the East of the Indian Ocean on the other, provides a unique representation of the world culture blended in the ethos of this island society. As a consequence, the cultural landscape of Sri Lanka also represents a habitat of multicultural and varied biological identities. The Sri Lankan mosaic, coloured by a vivid multi-cultural, multi-ethnic island society and nurtured by a rich cultural legacy inherited from the past, is best represented in an encapsulated version in the Maritime Archaeology Museum at Galle. This museum is the first of its kind in the SAARC region showcasing the oceanic heritage of an island society. The unique display in this museum presents three thousand years of trans-oceanic connectivity and the cultural plurality of Sri Lanka. Archaeological objects, dioramas, beautifully designed tri-lingual panels, electronic and visual presentations unfold the rich multi-cultural inheritance of this island. The narration unfolds itself into different facets of human experiences and expressions associated with religio-cultural aspects and socio-economic interactions highlighting a multitude of impacting factors shaping the personality of this island society from the Pre Historic to the Colonial Period. It is indeed the privilege of the Central Cultural Fund, the Custodian organization of UNESCO declared World Heritage Sites, to present the Maritime Archaeology Museum as another value-added facet of the World Heritage Site of Galle and as a gift to humanity!"
* President’s directive to list Hindu and other religious sites as UNESCO declared World Heritage sites. The UNESCO – Sri Lanka Commission has already chartered a plan to incorporate Munneshwaram (Chilaw), Tiruketishvaram (Mannar), Koneshwaram (Trincomalee) and Nakuleshwaram(Point Pedro) as Ports & Kovil complex to be listed as World Heritage sites. Discussions initiated by the Sri Lanka – UNESCO Commission are already underway, with the participation of several Tamil speaking scholars and academics.
* Board of Management of the CCF (Chaired by the Prime Minister) ratified the proposal naming Polonnaruwa as an Icon site for multi-cultural Presentation. This is the first time a UNESCO World Heritage Site has been named in definite terms for its character representing diversity. (Polonnaruwa has the greatest concentration of Hindu and Buddhist sites in one single complex in the whole of South Asia). The project proposal prepared by the CCF to conserve the Shiva Devale is now ready to be submitted for overseas funding.
* Directive given to incorporate staff and students of the Universities of North and East in archaeological/heritage work. Under this program a. Archaeological Department has already invited the Professor of Archaeology at Jaffna University to be consultant to the Conservation Project at the Jaffna Fort and the participation of students of that Department in the said conservation. b. The Central Cultural Fund (CCF) undertook a capacity building program in Training the Trainers at Jaffna University in March 2010 with UNESCO assistance in order to train heritage managers who will manage the heritage sites in the North and East. c. Heritage books gifted to the Department of Archaeology, University of Jaffna by the CCF.
* Diaspora tourism initiative taken up by the CCF to receive all Sri Lankan origin visitors at the World Heritage Sites and the plan to publish additional books in Sinhala, Tamil and English with children arriving from overseas as the primary target group.
* Completion of the report on North East Coastal Development Project in 2009 which recorded all heritage sitesand multi cultural communities and their cultural practices (both tangible and intangible heritage) for tourism development.
* Nurturing UNESCO School Clubs in Kandy by the CCF for programs on cultural diversity and shared cultures. These school clubs are made up of different denomination and government schools and they join together for programs understanding diversity, heritage conservation and peace education.
* An illustrated catalogue of all Hindu monuments, art and sculpture found at the World Heritage sites in Sri Lanka is under preparation by the CCF.
Mr. Page was informed of most of these aspects carried out by or through the CCF, a government agency, not to mention such work the writer has initiated for over two decades in his personal capacity (as a University academic) towards fostering greater understanding among communities. In this connection, among other such activities, I wish to make a special note of my personal involvement with the Institute of Social Development in Kandy in setting up a Museum depicting the history of Plantation Workers (located near Gampola) and also reviving the Kotthu dance tradition that was fast disappearing. Here is a Tamil-speaking community forgotten by the Western media and the diaspora alike. In 2005, the present writer with the assistance of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, coordinated by Ambassador Sumith Nakandala, carried out a study tour for 12 research officers of the CCF in South India as an exposure to the Shared Culture between Sri Lanka and South India, which is considered as the ‘other’ and the ‘enemy region’ in our history books. May I now question where parochial Buddhist archaeology comes into the agenda of all what the CCF has done in the period immediately before the war ended and in the post war period and how and why Mr. Page considered the above information irrelevant to his article?
The TamilNet in its addendum to JP’s article (on April 10) notes that the present writer "…is now put to implement Colombo’s agenda in subtle ways, was the comment heard in the sidewalks". Conversely, a section of the diaspora and its media, who enjoy the comforts of the First World must come to terms with the fact that there are individuals and organizations in the North and South of Sri Lanka who oppose a totalitarian social fascist system of governance and genuinely believe in inclusiveness, shared culture and co existence. If the above activities I have enumerated represent a ‘hidden agenda’, I then rest my case!
Tuesday, April 20, 2010
Thursday, September 17, 2009
Legitimate Tamil national grievances & Tamil homeland?
Sri Lanka Guardian, Thursday, September 17, 2009 Leave a Comment
"No country in the world has a pure blooded nation or race. Mankind often migrates and merges mentally and physically with the host nation. This to a certain extent enhances the biological infrastructure of a nation."
_________________
(September 17, Colombo, Sri Lanka Guardian) Within the Island Country identified as Sri Lanka the rhetoric about “Tamil grievances”, “Tamil homeland struggle”, “Tamil aspirations”, “Tamil language”, “Tamil rights”, “political solution for Tamils”, “Tamil devolution”, “Tamil national citizenship”, “13th Amendment for Tamil nationality”, are about total Tamilization. This heap of words are justifications of a Tamil country.
Hence, is SL the Tamil national country? Or is there a separate Tamil country within SL? Every country is owned and upheld by a single sovereign “nation”. Nation are the indigenous people with their common language and culture, who also built the civilization. These indigenous people firstly identified as a race. People on earth are known to be of different races. For various reasons, some people of these races migrated to foreign lands leaving their indigenous abode and merged with races of new pastures. Later, these races evolved into nations and the lands became countries. Hence, most countries were formed with the birth of nations.
Sri Lanka nation & Country?
If SL is the Tamil country it must bear the Tamil name. If not who are the SL nation? As discussed earlier a nation lived with its common language and culture. But no nation, language and culture called SL in existence anywhere. The Nation of SL are its indigenous Hela people whose name corrupted later to Sinhela. The tiny island of the highly ancient Hela Nation is named as S.Lanka. The Hela Nation at length suffered torture and massacres from barbarous land robbers and terrorists. The name Lanka is an artificial name coined by foreigners to Heladiva (island of Helas). In addition, Hela was corrupted to Sin+Hela= Sinhela and Sinhala.
All these national violations committed against the Hela Nation, could have been corrected after 1948 independence from the then British land robbers and terrorists, if they did not hand over the country purposely to an anti-national clique. By naming Lanka a trap was set up for the non indigenous Tamil minority of Tamil Nadu national origin to push for an attempt to make Heladiva a second Tamil Nadu and genocide of the Hela Nation, with the collusion of 70 million Tamil kin from Tamil Nadu.
Justifiable place for Tamil national rights
If there is a nation called Tamil in this world, their motherland within this tiny Heladiva? There cannot be two nations in one country. For some reason, if the Tamil motherland is within Heladiva, then their demand for separation must be given today. The blatantly self-evident fact that Tamil Nadu (Tamil Country) as the 70 million indigenous Tamil country is situated within the Indian subcontinent. This is direct proof that Heladiva is the Island Country of the Hela Nation. Below is the undisputable geographical fact:-
14 million Hela Nation is small but the Hela island is a sovereign country. Although, the Tamil national country is Tamil Nadu with vast 70 million Tamil nation, it is only the Tamil Federal State within the Indian subcontinent. Over 30 million more Tamils are settled in many host countries of the world including Heladiva. Altogether, a massive world population of over 100 million Tamils cannot gain independence for their country is their legitimate grievance, hence, Tamil Nadu is their Tamil homeland and nowhere else.
Global Tamil conspiracy
Earlier attempts to free Tamil Nadu failed and the Tamil leadership realised their inability to confront the Indian subcontinent government, so they initiated their kin settled in Malaysia to demand a Tamil homeland there but it was nipped in the bud by Malaysia. During this time Tamil leadership heard from their Tamil kin in then Ceylon was run by pro-Tamil rulers and the going was good and ripe for Tamil national demands. Since then, the global Tamil strategy is first to capture the Island Country, and secondly to link with Tamil Nadu for total independence.
Invasion by migration
Since independence in 1948, as most rulers had Tamil ancestral links, they set up the “Lanka” plot and began dishing out alien-national rights to non indigenous minorities, which no national country in the world has prescribed. In broad day light our Hela National rights were continued to be violated but as the rulers had Sinhala names, no one suspected them. As foreign Tamil nationalism started thriving, Hela Nation got downtrodden into another community and majority sans Nationhood. North and eastern areas of Heladiva were Tamilized in violation of the Hela National Sovereignty. Sovereign Hela areas and villages were swamped and the people of Hela nation were massacred by a foreign national Tamil minority. What so far happened was worse than terror but an undercover invasion and genocide against the tiny Hela Nation.
Our Hela nationality faced the barbaric threat of foreign Dravida and Tamilians over a long period. This constant crime of land robbing and terror still does not allow us to raise our head as the NATION we are in our indigenous national motherland. These uncouth elements are now on a shameless world campaign of fraud attempting to show the crimes against us by converting into a right. Tamil country of Tamil Nadu situated north of our head is a constant menace that we should be in readiness at all times.
Justice for the Hela Nation
Over 1,000 years unrefined Dravida stock has obstructed in enjoying our fundamental human right of living our national world and indigenous heritage as a separate nation of the world. The first step for our national resurgence is to spread the trampled seed of wholesome national awareness to germinate national goodwill. This gain and joy will moisten the nation with ever flowing fountain of justice. This will cure the destructive cancer of egoism, to enhance our inviolable national sovereignty to sit on its due throne and live in national self esteem to walk tall in the world among rest of the nations.
Identify the enemies
1) Those known as black-whites straining to become Westerners, nullifying own natural identity, slaves to money who even sell the country and live only to consume.
2) Past misfortune forced into religions thus shut off from wisdom and mind building, derailed from one’s natural culture and civilisation to become traitors.
3) Addicted to party politics as if its heritage and never waver even if nation & country perish.
4) Caught up in the vicious circle of money economics, morals out of the window, will sadly resort to anything for sheer survival.
5) Hell-bent on money greed, ready for any crime or treason, appearing respectable in high positions but barbaric to the core.
6) SL-Tamil communal cliques will continue threats until we uphold our national sovereignty.
7) Those intermarried with non indigenous minorities and affiliated with them shifted loyalties against the Hela Nation and culture.
No Tamil national rights within National Heladiva
A non indigenous minority who have their country of national origin elsewhere but settled in a host national country, become common national citizens of the host nation. As non indigenous minority Tamils’ national origin is Tamil Nadu but have now become Heladiva citizens, they too are common citizens of the Hela nation. Their indigenous Tamilness is ONLY their private matter and should not be any threat to the host nation, given them permanent abode. If Tamil national citizenship is required the only choice they have is to return to Tamil Nadu. Tamils as an entity always tried to grab our tiny sovereign national Island Country demonstrating total lack of scruples and human refinement. The Tamil communal cliques brainwashed their docile community to the notion that Tamil homeland is Heladiva while Tamil Nadu is glaring over as the Tamil country. Let us examine the malicious nature of this Tamil attitude. As the Dravida culture is grossly bloodthirsty and exploitative its product cannot be different. Highly ancient Hela nation evolved with refined humanity in harmony with nature, who built a unique hydro civilisation along with human hospitality. The benevolent attitude of the Hela people was perceived by the Tamils as folly as they knew no better with their said upbringing. Until we realise the Tamil psyche and respond to them in the medium they understand – we cannot expect peace. Throughout the pages of history non interfering non intruding Hela nation, we tolerated much external forces but when reached beyond limits we always had the strength to perform defence exercises against injustice.
Forward path of Hela Nationality
Power divides into two forms good power and bad power. Today world is dominated by bad power.Westerner and global Tamil entity are after the blood of our tiny nation. Their vision is conspiracy and exploitation. We need to understand this and maintain strength in upholding our national sovereignty in governance. Enhance economy, uphold law and order, remove corruption and march inclusive of all minorities as unitary Hela citizens.
Mass migration threatens world’s national diversity
No country in the world has a pure blooded nation or race. Mankind often migrates and merges mentally and physically with the host nation. This to a certain extent enhances the biological infrastructure of a nation. But if this mixing exceeds the apparent limits – that nation can disintegrate and the country is vulnerable to invasion. The natural heritage of nation, country, culture and the national world of each country offers richness of diversity to the fabric of world heritage, which is at stake due to mass migration. Heladiva and Britain are near casualties to this disturbing eventuality. It is the proportion of settler non indigenous minorities has exceeded its safe limit. However, we are tabooed to discuss these in the open at our peril.
The attempted Tamil invasive terror and genocide against the Hela nation was the impact of mass migration of Tamils from Tamil Nadu national origin to Heladiva. About 50 Muslim countries arisen in the world due to mass Muslim migration, as many of these countries belonged to other nations but suffered invasion by migration. To become angered or threaten minorities is not the solution but face with wisdom and strategy. For our individual and common sustenance, upholding our national sovereignty with the strictest defence strategies is paramount for our survival. First step is to network the dispersed Hela nation by bringing national goodwill to the fore. One important step is to refrain from marital contracts with minorities. If this happens by chance, every effort should be made to Helanise the minority partners.
Those have already intermarried should by common decency learn to accept the Island Country is Hela Country and accept the Hela nationality. Similarly, if we settle in a host country, it is our refined humanity we should merge with the host nation and practise our foreign culture only in private without threatening the host nation. This is a contribution to world peace and that mind has more power than genes.
Request
As we are a small nation, to sustain, defend the island, progress, we need to muster power. This requests the dispersed Hela National Family to network in cohesion. As our differing opinions is a set back to this exercise, we can make a practical attempt for all to agree to a few common factors as an example below. This can help us pool our power, in spite of individual uniqueness and opinions:-
1) The Island Country identified as SL is the national Hela country of Heladiva.
2) Tamil Nadu (Tamil Country) is the Tamil national country.
3) Like in other host countries, the non indigenous Hela-Tamils are entitled to human rights and Hela National Citizenship rights. Any demand for “Tamil national rights”, they have to return to Tamil Nadu.
Final decision is - Is it justifiable for Hela-Tamils and other minorities in Heladiva, who already have their national countries to merge with the Hela national Sovereignty? Or, is it justifiable for more foreign national rights and us to be vulnerable to invasion and extinction?
Authors of the Article: Anura Senenviratna, Dr MB Ranatunga, Asanka Haradasa, Sumith Silva, Sapumal Watteaarachchige, Ira Mediwake, Ranjith Wijetunge, Dhanapala Godagangdeni.
"No country in the world has a pure blooded nation or race. Mankind often migrates and merges mentally and physically with the host nation. This to a certain extent enhances the biological infrastructure of a nation."
_________________
(September 17, Colombo, Sri Lanka Guardian) Within the Island Country identified as Sri Lanka the rhetoric about “Tamil grievances”, “Tamil homeland struggle”, “Tamil aspirations”, “Tamil language”, “Tamil rights”, “political solution for Tamils”, “Tamil devolution”, “Tamil national citizenship”, “13th Amendment for Tamil nationality”, are about total Tamilization. This heap of words are justifications of a Tamil country.
Hence, is SL the Tamil national country? Or is there a separate Tamil country within SL? Every country is owned and upheld by a single sovereign “nation”. Nation are the indigenous people with their common language and culture, who also built the civilization. These indigenous people firstly identified as a race. People on earth are known to be of different races. For various reasons, some people of these races migrated to foreign lands leaving their indigenous abode and merged with races of new pastures. Later, these races evolved into nations and the lands became countries. Hence, most countries were formed with the birth of nations.
Sri Lanka nation & Country?
If SL is the Tamil country it must bear the Tamil name. If not who are the SL nation? As discussed earlier a nation lived with its common language and culture. But no nation, language and culture called SL in existence anywhere. The Nation of SL are its indigenous Hela people whose name corrupted later to Sinhela. The tiny island of the highly ancient Hela Nation is named as S.Lanka. The Hela Nation at length suffered torture and massacres from barbarous land robbers and terrorists. The name Lanka is an artificial name coined by foreigners to Heladiva (island of Helas). In addition, Hela was corrupted to Sin+Hela= Sinhela and Sinhala.
All these national violations committed against the Hela Nation, could have been corrected after 1948 independence from the then British land robbers and terrorists, if they did not hand over the country purposely to an anti-national clique. By naming Lanka a trap was set up for the non indigenous Tamil minority of Tamil Nadu national origin to push for an attempt to make Heladiva a second Tamil Nadu and genocide of the Hela Nation, with the collusion of 70 million Tamil kin from Tamil Nadu.
Justifiable place for Tamil national rights
If there is a nation called Tamil in this world, their motherland within this tiny Heladiva? There cannot be two nations in one country. For some reason, if the Tamil motherland is within Heladiva, then their demand for separation must be given today. The blatantly self-evident fact that Tamil Nadu (Tamil Country) as the 70 million indigenous Tamil country is situated within the Indian subcontinent. This is direct proof that Heladiva is the Island Country of the Hela Nation. Below is the undisputable geographical fact:-
14 million Hela Nation is small but the Hela island is a sovereign country. Although, the Tamil national country is Tamil Nadu with vast 70 million Tamil nation, it is only the Tamil Federal State within the Indian subcontinent. Over 30 million more Tamils are settled in many host countries of the world including Heladiva. Altogether, a massive world population of over 100 million Tamils cannot gain independence for their country is their legitimate grievance, hence, Tamil Nadu is their Tamil homeland and nowhere else.
Global Tamil conspiracy
Earlier attempts to free Tamil Nadu failed and the Tamil leadership realised their inability to confront the Indian subcontinent government, so they initiated their kin settled in Malaysia to demand a Tamil homeland there but it was nipped in the bud by Malaysia. During this time Tamil leadership heard from their Tamil kin in then Ceylon was run by pro-Tamil rulers and the going was good and ripe for Tamil national demands. Since then, the global Tamil strategy is first to capture the Island Country, and secondly to link with Tamil Nadu for total independence.
Invasion by migration
Since independence in 1948, as most rulers had Tamil ancestral links, they set up the “Lanka” plot and began dishing out alien-national rights to non indigenous minorities, which no national country in the world has prescribed. In broad day light our Hela National rights were continued to be violated but as the rulers had Sinhala names, no one suspected them. As foreign Tamil nationalism started thriving, Hela Nation got downtrodden into another community and majority sans Nationhood. North and eastern areas of Heladiva were Tamilized in violation of the Hela National Sovereignty. Sovereign Hela areas and villages were swamped and the people of Hela nation were massacred by a foreign national Tamil minority. What so far happened was worse than terror but an undercover invasion and genocide against the tiny Hela Nation.
Our Hela nationality faced the barbaric threat of foreign Dravida and Tamilians over a long period. This constant crime of land robbing and terror still does not allow us to raise our head as the NATION we are in our indigenous national motherland. These uncouth elements are now on a shameless world campaign of fraud attempting to show the crimes against us by converting into a right. Tamil country of Tamil Nadu situated north of our head is a constant menace that we should be in readiness at all times.
Justice for the Hela Nation
Over 1,000 years unrefined Dravida stock has obstructed in enjoying our fundamental human right of living our national world and indigenous heritage as a separate nation of the world. The first step for our national resurgence is to spread the trampled seed of wholesome national awareness to germinate national goodwill. This gain and joy will moisten the nation with ever flowing fountain of justice. This will cure the destructive cancer of egoism, to enhance our inviolable national sovereignty to sit on its due throne and live in national self esteem to walk tall in the world among rest of the nations.
Identify the enemies
1) Those known as black-whites straining to become Westerners, nullifying own natural identity, slaves to money who even sell the country and live only to consume.
2) Past misfortune forced into religions thus shut off from wisdom and mind building, derailed from one’s natural culture and civilisation to become traitors.
3) Addicted to party politics as if its heritage and never waver even if nation & country perish.
4) Caught up in the vicious circle of money economics, morals out of the window, will sadly resort to anything for sheer survival.
5) Hell-bent on money greed, ready for any crime or treason, appearing respectable in high positions but barbaric to the core.
6) SL-Tamil communal cliques will continue threats until we uphold our national sovereignty.
7) Those intermarried with non indigenous minorities and affiliated with them shifted loyalties against the Hela Nation and culture.
No Tamil national rights within National Heladiva
A non indigenous minority who have their country of national origin elsewhere but settled in a host national country, become common national citizens of the host nation. As non indigenous minority Tamils’ national origin is Tamil Nadu but have now become Heladiva citizens, they too are common citizens of the Hela nation. Their indigenous Tamilness is ONLY their private matter and should not be any threat to the host nation, given them permanent abode. If Tamil national citizenship is required the only choice they have is to return to Tamil Nadu. Tamils as an entity always tried to grab our tiny sovereign national Island Country demonstrating total lack of scruples and human refinement. The Tamil communal cliques brainwashed their docile community to the notion that Tamil homeland is Heladiva while Tamil Nadu is glaring over as the Tamil country. Let us examine the malicious nature of this Tamil attitude. As the Dravida culture is grossly bloodthirsty and exploitative its product cannot be different. Highly ancient Hela nation evolved with refined humanity in harmony with nature, who built a unique hydro civilisation along with human hospitality. The benevolent attitude of the Hela people was perceived by the Tamils as folly as they knew no better with their said upbringing. Until we realise the Tamil psyche and respond to them in the medium they understand – we cannot expect peace. Throughout the pages of history non interfering non intruding Hela nation, we tolerated much external forces but when reached beyond limits we always had the strength to perform defence exercises against injustice.
Forward path of Hela Nationality
Power divides into two forms good power and bad power. Today world is dominated by bad power.Westerner and global Tamil entity are after the blood of our tiny nation. Their vision is conspiracy and exploitation. We need to understand this and maintain strength in upholding our national sovereignty in governance. Enhance economy, uphold law and order, remove corruption and march inclusive of all minorities as unitary Hela citizens.
Mass migration threatens world’s national diversity
No country in the world has a pure blooded nation or race. Mankind often migrates and merges mentally and physically with the host nation. This to a certain extent enhances the biological infrastructure of a nation. But if this mixing exceeds the apparent limits – that nation can disintegrate and the country is vulnerable to invasion. The natural heritage of nation, country, culture and the national world of each country offers richness of diversity to the fabric of world heritage, which is at stake due to mass migration. Heladiva and Britain are near casualties to this disturbing eventuality. It is the proportion of settler non indigenous minorities has exceeded its safe limit. However, we are tabooed to discuss these in the open at our peril.
The attempted Tamil invasive terror and genocide against the Hela nation was the impact of mass migration of Tamils from Tamil Nadu national origin to Heladiva. About 50 Muslim countries arisen in the world due to mass Muslim migration, as many of these countries belonged to other nations but suffered invasion by migration. To become angered or threaten minorities is not the solution but face with wisdom and strategy. For our individual and common sustenance, upholding our national sovereignty with the strictest defence strategies is paramount for our survival. First step is to network the dispersed Hela nation by bringing national goodwill to the fore. One important step is to refrain from marital contracts with minorities. If this happens by chance, every effort should be made to Helanise the minority partners.
Those have already intermarried should by common decency learn to accept the Island Country is Hela Country and accept the Hela nationality. Similarly, if we settle in a host country, it is our refined humanity we should merge with the host nation and practise our foreign culture only in private without threatening the host nation. This is a contribution to world peace and that mind has more power than genes.
Request
As we are a small nation, to sustain, defend the island, progress, we need to muster power. This requests the dispersed Hela National Family to network in cohesion. As our differing opinions is a set back to this exercise, we can make a practical attempt for all to agree to a few common factors as an example below. This can help us pool our power, in spite of individual uniqueness and opinions:-
1) The Island Country identified as SL is the national Hela country of Heladiva.
2) Tamil Nadu (Tamil Country) is the Tamil national country.
3) Like in other host countries, the non indigenous Hela-Tamils are entitled to human rights and Hela National Citizenship rights. Any demand for “Tamil national rights”, they have to return to Tamil Nadu.
Final decision is - Is it justifiable for Hela-Tamils and other minorities in Heladiva, who already have their national countries to merge with the Hela national Sovereignty? Or, is it justifiable for more foreign national rights and us to be vulnerable to invasion and extinction?
Authors of the Article: Anura Senenviratna, Dr MB Ranatunga, Asanka Haradasa, Sumith Silva, Sapumal Watteaarachchige, Ira Mediwake, Ranjith Wijetunge, Dhanapala Godagangdeni.
Friday, July 17, 2009
Excerpts from ‘Ancient Jaffna’ by Mudaliyar C. Rasanayagam
Ancient Jaffna in google books
Page 384
"That Jaffna was occupied by the Sinhalese earlier than by the Tamils is seen not only in the place names of Jaffna, but also in some of the habits and customs of the people. The system of branding cattle with the communal brand by which not only the caste but also the position and the family of the owner could be traced, was peculiarly Sinhalese. The very ancient way of wearing the hair in the form of a konde behind the head.....The women's fashion of dressing their cloth across their breasts and mens of wearing their tufts of hair on the side of the head, as was the custom in Jaffna, were introduced by the Malabar immigrants."
Page v (Foreward)
" Dr. S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar of the Madras University writing on 29.8.1926 the Foreword to Ancient Jaffna by Mudaliyar C. Rasanayagam says: "The attempt of the author to derive the name Ilam does not appeal to us as quite successful; Ilam to us seems to be directly derived from the Pali word Sihalam, which in Tamil would be Singalam or even Singanam, but a strict Tamilising would make it Ilam...." Ancient Jaffna-Mudaliyar C Rasanayagam (Foreword p. v.).
Page 382
" After the massacre of the Christians, Sankili's ( king of Jaffna) insane fury longed for more victims and he fell upon the Buddhists of Jaffna who were all Sinhalese. He expelled them beyond the limits of the country and destroyed their numerous places of worship. Most of them betook themselves to the Vanni's and the Kandyan territories (as per Yalpana Vaipava Malai by Mailvagana Pulavar translated by C Brito.), and those who were unable to do so became the slaves of the Tamil chieftains and are now known as 'Kovia', a corruption of the Sinhalese word ' Goviya' or 'Goiya' and that their original status was equal to that of the Vellalas can be inferred from customs which are still in Vogue in Jaffna. The 'Tanakaras' and the 'Nalavas' of Jaffna should also be considered Sinhalese remnants in spite of the fanciful derivation of the word 'Nalava' given by the author of the Vaipava Malai. The Nalavas were perhaps originally the Sinhalese climbers and received the Tamil name on account of their peculiar way of climbing trees. They too became the slaves of the Tamil chieftains. The Tanakaras were the ancient elephant keepers and those who supplied the necessary fodder to the stables of the king. ( Sinhalese: Tana=grass). They perhaps on account of the service rendered by them were not expelled from the country and later became inseparably mixed with the Tamils among whom they had to remain.........the fact that the Kovias, Tanakaras and Nalavas were originally Sinhalese can be seen from the peculiar dress of their women who wear the inner end of their cloth over the shoulders in a manner quite strange to the genuine Tamils."
Page 179
" Upon the introduction of copious Pali and Sanskrit works, a new language ( Sinhalese) came into existence, with a ground work of Elu ( language spoken by Yakkha,Naga) and Tamil and the superstructure of Pali and Sanskrit....In a similar manner were formed Malayalam and Telugu; from their copious vocabulary of Sanskritic words it is now almost impossible to trace their origin to dravidian dialects. While the process of forming the Sinhalese nation was going on by the continual mixture of the Yakkhas, the Nagas, the Tamils and the Kalingas(Vijaya), the Sinhalese language too was growing and expanding.....Thus it will be seen that the mixed population from Point Pedro ( in the north) to Dondra Head (in the South) known by the name Sinhalam.........during the early centuries of the Christian era, spoken one language. This propersition is further supported by most of the place names in Jaffna which have an Elu or semi-Sinhalese origin. They became divided only when the Vannis came in and intervened between them. From that time the people in the North became estranged from their brethren in the centre and the south and progressed altogether on Tamil lines, whereas the Sinhalese grew into a new nation absorbing into themselves even the millions of pure Tamils who remained in Central and Southern Ceylon after the Chola (Tamil invaders) power had declined....a process which can be witnessed even today in the western coast. The difference must have accentuated after the downfall of Buddhism in Southern India, and after a large number of new Tamil colonists began to settle down in Northern Ceylon, for we find that even from the 10th to the 15th centuryAD the Sinhalese eliment was so strong in the North that there were constant troubles between the Sinhalese and the Tamils in Jaffna. (as per Yalpana Vaipava Malai by Mailvagana Pulavar translated by C Brito.) "
Page 250
" Some others are of the opinion that 'Yalpanam' is the Tamil adaptation of the Sinhalese name 'Yapane', which like many other Sinhalese names of places in the district existed prior to the Tamil occupation......It is not at all surprising to see the name appearing in Sinhalese and Indian works earlier than in Tamil writings in Jaffna, for it appears that the application of the name for the whole district did not become popular among the inhabitants until the Portuguese period."
Page 37
"Now it is rather significant that Manarridal was the name given to Jaffna in the 'Yalpana Vaipava Malai', and that the name Veligama (sandy district), a Sinhalese name with the same meaning was given to a portion of Jaffna by the Sinhalese.(Valigama..Valigamam..Valikamam)"
Page 42
"The Mahabharatha, which mentions..........Vavravahan the son of Chitrangadai by Arjuna......It is also said that Vavravahan, while fighting against Arjuna, 'raised his standard which was decorated most beautifully, and which bore the device of a lion in gold' ..........This standard displaying a lion appears, therefore to have been the one used by the Naga kings of North Ceylon ( Naga and Yakkas...before arrival of Vijaya and later Tamils)......the standard of the lion, which appears to have been the emblem of the Nagas of North Ceylon, continued to be the flag of the Ceylon king till the Island was ceded to the British in 1815 AD."
Page 52
" But, according to a local tradition which still exists, and which has been embodied in the 'Yalpana Vaipava Malai', Vijaya landed on the northern coast of Jaffna and took up his residence at Kadiramalai....... It is said that Vijaya, who was undoubtedly a Hindu, built the temple called Tirutambalesvaram in the North of Ceylon. This temple must have been built near the present Kirimalai, as there are lands in the vicinity still going under the name of Tirutampalai. Tamba is the Sanskrit word for copper; and the Tambapanni of the Sinhalese chronicler can therefore quite conceivably be the 'Tirutambalesvaram' mentioned in the 'Yalpana Vaipava Malai' "
Page 5
"In the Mahabharatha the Nagas are frequently mentioned as living in various parts of India and Ceylon in a highly civilized state under their own kings.....Nagpur ( Nagapuram), Nagarjuna Kills, Nagarcoil, Nagarcot, Nargapattinum etc."
Page 59
"Waves of conquest and colonisation ....names of places translated into tongue of the invaders or settlers . Kadiramalai (Naga)... Kadiragoda(Sinhalese). ..Kandergoda.. ..Kandercudde.. ..Kantarrodai.. ..Odaikurichchi.. .Kantarodai (Tamil) ...The discovery of extensive Buddhistic archaelogical remains and large quantities of Indian and Roman coins affords ample testimony to its ancient greatness.......... The other Tamil name Katirkamam is the literal transformation of the Sinhalese name Kataragama and has no connection with the Tamil components ' Katir'(divine glory) and 'kamam' (love), a resemblance seen through religious fervor only. The tradition mentioned in the 'Yalpana Vaipava Malai' that Vijaya built a temple for 'Kadirai Andavar' might possibly have referred to the temple at Kataragama."
Page 332
" Bhuvaneka Bahu (Kotte) who caused the Jaffna Town and the Nalur temple to be built was known as Sri Sanghabodhi, a title borne by the Sinhalese kings....In the Kattiyam ( daily repeated at the Kandaswamy Temple) too he is referred to as Sri Sangabodhi Bhuvaneka Bahu."
Page 62
" Jambukola ( now Sambu turai in Jaffna) was the port of disembarkation of the Buddhist emigrants from Magadha during the time of Devanampiya Tissa. A great trunk road seem to have been in existence, leading from Jambukola and passing through Kantarodai and running parallel to the present central road to the northern gate of Anuradhapura. The remains of two stone bridges, one over the Malvatu oya......... The Ambassadors sent by Devanampiya Tissa to king Asoka of Magadha embarked at Jumbukola and reached Pataliputra in 14 days; and Asoka's ambassadors, sent to Ceylon landed at Jambukola and reached Anuradhapura in 12 days ( Mahavamsa).......Sangamitta and the Bo tree landed at Jambukola...of the first eight plants (Bo) raised out of the seed of the tree planted at Anuradhapura, one was planted at Jambukola Patuna on the spot where the Bo tree was deposited at disembarkation. The very old Bo tree standing by the side of the Paralay Kandaswamy temple at Chulipuram, about half a mile from the Port was perhaps the plant here referred to..... Devanampiya Tissa erected a vihare at the port of Jambukola in Nagadipa; likewise the Tissa maha vihare and the Pacina Vihare. The ruins of a dagoba and a vihare can still be seen close to the port; and the place called Tissa maluva about a hundred yards opposite to the Kandaswamy temple above mentioned, perhaps marks the site of Tissa maha vihare. The ancient broad road from Jambukola to Tissa maha vihare still exists but serves no useful purpose."
Page 117
" Anoubingara (on Ptolomy's map) can be traced to Singai Nagar (in Jaffna) or Sinhapura, a town built and occupied by Kalinga colonists who accompanied Vijaya and who are said to have landed at Mahisadipa. It came into prominence and fame during the time of the later Jaffna kings called Arya Chakravartis and its extensive ruins can still be seen at Vallipuram near Point Pedro.( Singa Nagar was trans formed to Ana Singara and then Anubingara by foreign merchants.)"
Page 190
" In the early days when buddhism flourished in North Ceylon, the outlying islands off the coast of Jaffna contained important monasteries and viharas... "
Page 309
"Kings of Jaffna belonged to, claimed connection with or imitated the Eastern gangas ( Ganges) who went from Gangavadi and settled at Kalinga. If the earliest kings of Jaffna came from amongst them, it must have been Ugra Singan, for it was after this time that the kings ruling in the north were called Kalingas. Whether Ugra Singan was a member of the Eastern Gangas or not, he came down with a large army of Kalingas to secure the throne of Kadiramalai for himself. As it is said in the Vaipava Malai that he was 'a prince of a dynasty founded by King Vijaya's brother' it may be surmised that he was a member of one of the Kalinga families that came with Vijaya and settled at Singai Nagar (Sinhapura) near Vallipuram.
Page 370
The following is a list of kings who reigned at Singai Nagar (Sinhapura) Jaffna from the 13th to the middle of the 15 th century is adapted from the Vaipava Malai giving probable dates.
Vijaya Kulankai (Kalinga Magha)Segarajasekeran - c 1210 AD
Kulasekara Pararajasekeran - c 1246 AD
Kulottunga Segarajasekeran - c 1256 AD
Vikrama Pararajasekeran - c 1279 AD
Varotaya Segarajasekeran - c 1302 AD
Martanda Pararajasekeran - c 1325 AD
Gunapushana Segarajasekeran - c 1256 AD
Virotaya Pararajasekeran - c 1256 AD
Jayavira Segarajasekeran - c 1256 AD
Gunavira Pararajasekeran - c 1256 AD
Kanagasuriya Segarajasekeran - c 1256 AD
Bhuvaneka Bahu (of Kotte) - c 1256 AD
Jaffna kings used alternate names such as Pararajasekaran, Segarajasekaran etc... look at their real names ( first column).
Page 384
"That Jaffna was occupied by the Sinhalese earlier than by the Tamils is seen not only in the place names of Jaffna, but also in some of the habits and customs of the people. The system of branding cattle with the communal brand by which not only the caste but also the position and the family of the owner could be traced, was peculiarly Sinhalese. The very ancient way of wearing the hair in the form of a konde behind the head.....The women's fashion of dressing their cloth across their breasts and mens of wearing their tufts of hair on the side of the head, as was the custom in Jaffna, were introduced by the Malabar immigrants."
Page v (Foreward)
" Dr. S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar of the Madras University writing on 29.8.1926 the Foreword to Ancient Jaffna by Mudaliyar C. Rasanayagam says: "The attempt of the author to derive the name Ilam does not appeal to us as quite successful; Ilam to us seems to be directly derived from the Pali word Sihalam, which in Tamil would be Singalam or even Singanam, but a strict Tamilising would make it Ilam...." Ancient Jaffna-Mudaliyar C Rasanayagam (Foreword p. v.).
Page 382
" After the massacre of the Christians, Sankili's ( king of Jaffna) insane fury longed for more victims and he fell upon the Buddhists of Jaffna who were all Sinhalese. He expelled them beyond the limits of the country and destroyed their numerous places of worship. Most of them betook themselves to the Vanni's and the Kandyan territories (as per Yalpana Vaipava Malai by Mailvagana Pulavar translated by C Brito.), and those who were unable to do so became the slaves of the Tamil chieftains and are now known as 'Kovia', a corruption of the Sinhalese word ' Goviya' or 'Goiya' and that their original status was equal to that of the Vellalas can be inferred from customs which are still in Vogue in Jaffna. The 'Tanakaras' and the 'Nalavas' of Jaffna should also be considered Sinhalese remnants in spite of the fanciful derivation of the word 'Nalava' given by the author of the Vaipava Malai. The Nalavas were perhaps originally the Sinhalese climbers and received the Tamil name on account of their peculiar way of climbing trees. They too became the slaves of the Tamil chieftains. The Tanakaras were the ancient elephant keepers and those who supplied the necessary fodder to the stables of the king. ( Sinhalese: Tana=grass). They perhaps on account of the service rendered by them were not expelled from the country and later became inseparably mixed with the Tamils among whom they had to remain.........the fact that the Kovias, Tanakaras and Nalavas were originally Sinhalese can be seen from the peculiar dress of their women who wear the inner end of their cloth over the shoulders in a manner quite strange to the genuine Tamils."
Page 179
" Upon the introduction of copious Pali and Sanskrit works, a new language ( Sinhalese) came into existence, with a ground work of Elu ( language spoken by Yakkha,Naga) and Tamil and the superstructure of Pali and Sanskrit....In a similar manner were formed Malayalam and Telugu; from their copious vocabulary of Sanskritic words it is now almost impossible to trace their origin to dravidian dialects. While the process of forming the Sinhalese nation was going on by the continual mixture of the Yakkhas, the Nagas, the Tamils and the Kalingas(Vijaya), the Sinhalese language too was growing and expanding.....Thus it will be seen that the mixed population from Point Pedro ( in the north) to Dondra Head (in the South) known by the name Sinhalam.........during the early centuries of the Christian era, spoken one language. This propersition is further supported by most of the place names in Jaffna which have an Elu or semi-Sinhalese origin. They became divided only when the Vannis came in and intervened between them. From that time the people in the North became estranged from their brethren in the centre and the south and progressed altogether on Tamil lines, whereas the Sinhalese grew into a new nation absorbing into themselves even the millions of pure Tamils who remained in Central and Southern Ceylon after the Chola (Tamil invaders) power had declined....a process which can be witnessed even today in the western coast. The difference must have accentuated after the downfall of Buddhism in Southern India, and after a large number of new Tamil colonists began to settle down in Northern Ceylon, for we find that even from the 10th to the 15th centuryAD the Sinhalese eliment was so strong in the North that there were constant troubles between the Sinhalese and the Tamils in Jaffna. (as per Yalpana Vaipava Malai by Mailvagana Pulavar translated by C Brito.) "
Page 250
" Some others are of the opinion that 'Yalpanam' is the Tamil adaptation of the Sinhalese name 'Yapane', which like many other Sinhalese names of places in the district existed prior to the Tamil occupation......It is not at all surprising to see the name appearing in Sinhalese and Indian works earlier than in Tamil writings in Jaffna, for it appears that the application of the name for the whole district did not become popular among the inhabitants until the Portuguese period."
Page 37
"Now it is rather significant that Manarridal was the name given to Jaffna in the 'Yalpana Vaipava Malai', and that the name Veligama (sandy district), a Sinhalese name with the same meaning was given to a portion of Jaffna by the Sinhalese.(Valigama..Valigamam..Valikamam)"
Page 42
"The Mahabharatha, which mentions..........Vavravahan the son of Chitrangadai by Arjuna......It is also said that Vavravahan, while fighting against Arjuna, 'raised his standard which was decorated most beautifully, and which bore the device of a lion in gold' ..........This standard displaying a lion appears, therefore to have been the one used by the Naga kings of North Ceylon ( Naga and Yakkas...before arrival of Vijaya and later Tamils)......the standard of the lion, which appears to have been the emblem of the Nagas of North Ceylon, continued to be the flag of the Ceylon king till the Island was ceded to the British in 1815 AD."
Page 52
" But, according to a local tradition which still exists, and which has been embodied in the 'Yalpana Vaipava Malai', Vijaya landed on the northern coast of Jaffna and took up his residence at Kadiramalai....... It is said that Vijaya, who was undoubtedly a Hindu, built the temple called Tirutambalesvaram in the North of Ceylon. This temple must have been built near the present Kirimalai, as there are lands in the vicinity still going under the name of Tirutampalai. Tamba is the Sanskrit word for copper; and the Tambapanni of the Sinhalese chronicler can therefore quite conceivably be the 'Tirutambalesvaram' mentioned in the 'Yalpana Vaipava Malai' "
Page 5
"In the Mahabharatha the Nagas are frequently mentioned as living in various parts of India and Ceylon in a highly civilized state under their own kings.....Nagpur ( Nagapuram), Nagarjuna Kills, Nagarcoil, Nagarcot, Nargapattinum etc."
Page 59
"Waves of conquest and colonisation ....names of places translated into tongue of the invaders or settlers . Kadiramalai (Naga)... Kadiragoda(Sinhalese). ..Kandergoda.. ..Kandercudde.. ..Kantarrodai.. ..Odaikurichchi.. .Kantarodai (Tamil) ...The discovery of extensive Buddhistic archaelogical remains and large quantities of Indian and Roman coins affords ample testimony to its ancient greatness.......... The other Tamil name Katirkamam is the literal transformation of the Sinhalese name Kataragama and has no connection with the Tamil components ' Katir'(divine glory) and 'kamam' (love), a resemblance seen through religious fervor only. The tradition mentioned in the 'Yalpana Vaipava Malai' that Vijaya built a temple for 'Kadirai Andavar' might possibly have referred to the temple at Kataragama."
Page 332
" Bhuvaneka Bahu (Kotte) who caused the Jaffna Town and the Nalur temple to be built was known as Sri Sanghabodhi, a title borne by the Sinhalese kings....In the Kattiyam ( daily repeated at the Kandaswamy Temple) too he is referred to as Sri Sangabodhi Bhuvaneka Bahu."
Page 62
" Jambukola ( now Sambu turai in Jaffna) was the port of disembarkation of the Buddhist emigrants from Magadha during the time of Devanampiya Tissa. A great trunk road seem to have been in existence, leading from Jambukola and passing through Kantarodai and running parallel to the present central road to the northern gate of Anuradhapura. The remains of two stone bridges, one over the Malvatu oya......... The Ambassadors sent by Devanampiya Tissa to king Asoka of Magadha embarked at Jumbukola and reached Pataliputra in 14 days; and Asoka's ambassadors, sent to Ceylon landed at Jambukola and reached Anuradhapura in 12 days ( Mahavamsa).......Sangamitta and the Bo tree landed at Jambukola...of the first eight plants (Bo) raised out of the seed of the tree planted at Anuradhapura, one was planted at Jambukola Patuna on the spot where the Bo tree was deposited at disembarkation. The very old Bo tree standing by the side of the Paralay Kandaswamy temple at Chulipuram, about half a mile from the Port was perhaps the plant here referred to..... Devanampiya Tissa erected a vihare at the port of Jambukola in Nagadipa; likewise the Tissa maha vihare and the Pacina Vihare. The ruins of a dagoba and a vihare can still be seen close to the port; and the place called Tissa maluva about a hundred yards opposite to the Kandaswamy temple above mentioned, perhaps marks the site of Tissa maha vihare. The ancient broad road from Jambukola to Tissa maha vihare still exists but serves no useful purpose."
Page 117
" Anoubingara (on Ptolomy's map) can be traced to Singai Nagar (in Jaffna) or Sinhapura, a town built and occupied by Kalinga colonists who accompanied Vijaya and who are said to have landed at Mahisadipa. It came into prominence and fame during the time of the later Jaffna kings called Arya Chakravartis and its extensive ruins can still be seen at Vallipuram near Point Pedro.( Singa Nagar was trans formed to Ana Singara and then Anubingara by foreign merchants.)"
Page 190
" In the early days when buddhism flourished in North Ceylon, the outlying islands off the coast of Jaffna contained important monasteries and viharas... "
Page 309
"Kings of Jaffna belonged to, claimed connection with or imitated the Eastern gangas ( Ganges) who went from Gangavadi and settled at Kalinga. If the earliest kings of Jaffna came from amongst them, it must have been Ugra Singan, for it was after this time that the kings ruling in the north were called Kalingas. Whether Ugra Singan was a member of the Eastern Gangas or not, he came down with a large army of Kalingas to secure the throne of Kadiramalai for himself. As it is said in the Vaipava Malai that he was 'a prince of a dynasty founded by King Vijaya's brother' it may be surmised that he was a member of one of the Kalinga families that came with Vijaya and settled at Singai Nagar (Sinhapura) near Vallipuram.
Page 370
The following is a list of kings who reigned at Singai Nagar (Sinhapura) Jaffna from the 13th to the middle of the 15 th century is adapted from the Vaipava Malai giving probable dates.
Vijaya Kulankai (Kalinga Magha)Segarajasekeran - c 1210 AD
Kulasekara Pararajasekeran - c 1246 AD
Kulottunga Segarajasekeran - c 1256 AD
Vikrama Pararajasekeran - c 1279 AD
Varotaya Segarajasekeran - c 1302 AD
Martanda Pararajasekeran - c 1325 AD
Gunapushana Segarajasekeran - c 1256 AD
Virotaya Pararajasekeran - c 1256 AD
Jayavira Segarajasekeran - c 1256 AD
Gunavira Pararajasekeran - c 1256 AD
Kanagasuriya Segarajasekeran - c 1256 AD
Bhuvaneka Bahu (of Kotte) - c 1256 AD
Jaffna kings used alternate names such as Pararajasekaran, Segarajasekaran etc... look at their real names ( first column).
Saturday, July 11, 2009
History of Jaffna
Jaffna is apart of Northern Sri Lanka. The word Jaffna a word derived from Yapanaya by Portuguese. The Northern Province which has Jaffna district is but creation by the Colonial British two centuries ago, to assist their administration. One of the biggest and highly controversial issues concerning this district is that, was it ever a separate Kingdom or a Tamil Kingdom.
The evidences of this is so scarce, that not a pottery shard belonging to this so Kingdom as
thus far been discovered.
The main source for this bogus ‘Kingdom’ is the Yalapana Vaipava Malai written in 1736 at the request of the Dutch governor. Dr. Pathmanathan says that this document is defective in Chronology and Genealogy eg No specific contributions any king is recorded in it. Of the ten kings who are said to have ruled till 1450, only 4 are known in sources other than in Yalpana Vaipava Malai but not as kings but as 'Perumal' or 'Sub-Ordinates. This is clearly seen from the Medavala inscription dated 1359, which describes Martanda Mudalis' of Jaffna as a 'Perumal' or 'Sub-Ordinate' ruler, while the Sinhala king at Gampola is described as 'Vikramabahu Chakravarti Svamin'. Thus ''THE DE JURE RIGHT OF VIKRAMABAHU TO THE SOVEREIGNTY OVER THE WHOLE ISLAND IS RECOGNIZED BY THE TREATY''.
Evidences
Thus far the oldest Tamil inscription found in Jaffna, is in Nagadipa by the Sinhala king Parakramabahu Raja, regarding ship wrecks and taxes on Urathota(Kayts). According to Dr. Karthigesu Indrapala, the editor of this inscription and the Professor of History of the University of Jaffna, "the fact that this edict was issued not by any subordinate official, but by the king himself shows that the monarch was in supreme control of the northern most region of the island".
The most detailed account of Jaffna during the periods of 1505-1636 by all historians is considered to be the eye witness accounts by the Portuguese Franciscan Friar Fernao De Queyroz, whose English translation according to the British Civil Servant W.Codrington, is second only to the Mahawamsa in importance.
List of the rulers according to certain Tamil historians.
However, the available historic evidences are not supportive of the list of rulers. “Yapa Patuna”, or the “Port of Yapanaya” (Port of Jaffna) in the extreme north of the country had been recorded as a port used by the Sinhala kings for thousands of years to conduct business with the countries located north of Sri Lanka, along with the other two prominent ports, namely, Mathota (Mannar) in north-west and Gokanna (Trincomalee) in north-east.
De Queyroz states that their are no populations in Jaffna and thus no agriculture, only a small population is found at Nallur. Until 1450, the Jaffna port area had been governed by the Vidanas and Mudalis (subordinate lower officers) of the Sinhala Kings. Some of these officers who later became powerful ignored the authority of Kotte Kingdom, and attempted to establish a separate rule over Jaffna. Subsequent to this unrest in the area, prince Sapumal, an adopted son and a general of King Parakramabahu VI of Kotte, conquered the entire Northern region in 1447-1450 and was later appointed by Kotte as the governor of the Jaffna region. Later, once Prince Sapumal ascended to the throne of Kotte as King Buvanekabahu VI, he appointed Arya Chkrawathi a nobleman of Gujarat origin as the ruler of Jaffna C1468-70.
List of rulers from Portuguese records.
Special notes
* Rajavaliya states that King Sri Parakrama Bahu of Kotte (father to Prince Sapumal), had in fact ruled over seven villages called "Makudam Kotta" in Soli country (Tamil Nadu).
* The Portuguese state quite clearly that Jaffna was under the rule of King Rajasinhe I - 1593.
* Also it is of interest, that when Sankili and Portuguese signed a peace treaty, this was written in Portuguese and Sinhala. If Jaffna was in fact a Tamil Kingdom, then why write such an important document in Sinhala??
* The Dutch National Archives, state that the boundary between their territory of Jaffna and the Sinhala kings, was Alimankada(Elephant Pass).
* The most famous of all these so called Jaffna rulers, is considered as Sankili. The Portuguese, who gives the accurate historical account of this period, state that his wife was a Buddhist. Could she have been a Sinhala?
* The emblem of the royal house of Jaffna was a lion, which is certainly not a Dravidian symbol but of an Aryan.
* The so called flag of the Jaffna Kingdom(As seen here), is fake. This has been produced by taking the artwork as represented by a bronze seal found in Padaviya belonging to the Nanadesis Traders, who arrived via the Cola invasion. This seal of the 13th Century and inscribed in Sanskrit grantha, is the only one of its kind found in Lanka.
The Bronze seal
These traders not only stayed after the expulsion of the Cola but integrated to the Sinhala society and this shown by inscriptions Vijaya Bahu, Gajabau and Queen Lilavati. During Gajabhu time South Indian Mercenaries known as the Velakkaras who spoke Malayalam arrived, again it can be assumed as their is no record of women arriving, that these peoples integrated and had in many cases become Buddhist, as a Vihara was built by a Velakkaras Commander, during the reign Queen Lilavati and most importantly was even given the honor of protecting the Tooth Relic.
Evidences-Cont...
With the establishment of archeology in Ceylon in late 1880's by H.C.P Bell, searching for lost cities and treasures of old began. It can be said that all parts of this isle have been scrutinized as much as Egypt or Greece. With more than 100years of archeology, yet NO proof of either a Tamil Kingdom nor the existence of Tamil populations in the North or East of Lanka, as envisaged by the Eelamists have been found.
Historically speaking about Jaffna, it was at the ancient port of Jambukola, the present Sambiliturai, in the Jaffna peninsula that the envoys of King Devanampiya Tissa embarked/disembarked to and from Ceylon on their mission to the court of Asoka. It was also at this port that the Theri Sanghamitta and her retinue had disembarked when they came from India with a branch of the Bodhi tree at Buddhagaya during the reign of Devanampiya Tissa. The Theri and her retinue were received by Devanampiya Tissa, who had come to Jambukola from Anuradhapura. King Devanampiya Tissa built three Buddhist shrines, namely the
Jambukola Vihara, the Tissamaha Vihara and the Pacina Vihara and planted a Bo sapling in the Jaffna peninsula. A gold plate inscription discovered at Vallipuram near point Pedro reveals that during the reign of Vasabha, Jaffna peninsula was governed by a minister of that king and that a Buddhist Vihara named Piyaguka Tissa had been built there by that Minister.
According to the Mahavamsa, Kanittha Tissa(167-186AD) during his reign at Anuradhapura repaired the cetiyaghara of the Tissamaha Vihara in the Jaffna peninsula and king Voharaka Tissa (209-231AD) during his reign effected improvements to that Vihara. The Culavamsa records that king Aggabodhi II(571-604) built a Relic House and a dwelling place named Unhaloma for the monks of the Rajayatana Vihara in Nagadipa and granted a village there for the provision of rice gruel to the monks living there.
Although, as said not even a single Tamil inscription belonging to any of those so-called Tamil rulers of Jaffna in and around the Jaffna District have been found, a few Sinhala, Tamil and Sanskrit inscriptions belonging to some Kings of Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa have been discovered from some sites in and around the Jaffna District indicating that the region was under their control and it was part of their kingdom as late as the 13th century. In addition to these two inscriptions found in the Jaffna District, two other Sinhala inscriptions of Dappula IV who ruled at Anuradhapura during the 10th century A.D. have come to light from that District; of these two, one was discovered at Kandarodai, the ancient Kadurugoda Vihara, a Buddhist
Temple in Uduvil and the other at Tunukai in the D.R.O.s, division of Punakar. A few more inscriptions belonging to some Sinhala kings have also been found at various places around the District of Jaffna; we may mention among them, the Tiriyaya Sanskrit inscription of Aggabodhi VI(733-772), the Tiruketisvaram Pillar inscription of Sena II(853-887), the Mannar Kacceri pillar inscription of Kassapa IV (898-914), a tenth century slab inscription at Kurundanmalai near Mulaitivu dated in the reign of a Sinhala king named Abhasalamevan, the Palmottai slab inscription of Vijayabahu (1055-1110) and the Kantalai stone seat inscription of
Nissankamalla (1187-1196).
Tuesday, June 9, 2009
The solution by Nalin De Silva
(June 10, Colombo, Sri Lanka Guardian) Finally what is the solution we offer to the so called ethnic problem? In order to have a solution it is necessary to have a problem. The so called ethnic problem is nothing but a problem due to the unwillingness of the English speaking Jaffna Vellala Tamils to recognise the significance of the Sinhala Buddhist culture, instigated by the British. The Vellalas inspired and instigated by the British wanted to become the leaders of the country by creating a mythical history going back to thousands of years. However, these Vellalas were brought to Sri Lanka by the Dutch for their tobacco cultivations only after 1650 and the Tamils in Sri Lanka do not have a continuous history going back to any time before that year. The Vellalas had been taken by the Dutch to South Africa at about the same time they were brought to Sri Lanka and are referred to as agricultural labourers in that country. In Sri Lanka the Vellalas have achieved a position in society that was not possible for them to realize in South Africa. Sri Lanka and South Africa have inherited Roman Dutch Law and the Vellalas as a result of the Dutch occupation.
Now let us look into the history of the Tamils in Sri Lanka. What is the origin of the present Tamil population in Sri Lanka and in Jaffna in particular? Before the Vellalas were brought by the Dutch who populated the Jaffna peninsula? Before the Dutch the Portuguese ruled this area who conquered it by the name of the Arya Chakravarthins. There is no evidence to show that the Arya Chakravarthins were Tamils as there had not been a Tamil ethnic community in the twelfth, thirteenth centuries in any part of the world. The use of Tamil as a language does not necessarily imply the existence of an ethnic community by that name whether in India or Sri Lanka or any other place. The pundits who take extra care to show that Aryan refers to a language group and not an ethnic community should take this into consideration. In Dambadiva or Bharath there were no ethnic communities as such and kingdoms were identified by the vansa of the kings. From ancient times we know of Sakya, Liccavi, Maurya, Chera, Pandya, Soli, and Pallava kings but not of ethnic communities. Also various languages and dialects have been used to identify groups of people but not their ethnicity. As a result Tamil speaking people have been ruled by Pandya, Soli, Pallava kings and conversely Pallavas and others have ruled over various other communities speaking different languages. The kings were not identified with the community ruled by them and there was no one to one correspondence between the vansa of the kings and their subjects. Even if the language spoken by the Arya Chakravarthins was Tamil there is no evidence to show that the people who lived in the Jaffna peninsula in the thirteenth century spoke Tamil let alone them being identified as a Tamil ethnic community.
In the case of the Sinhalas it had been different from the days of king Pandukabhaya. It was king Pandukabhaya who did away with the vansas of kings and gothras of peoples and established a nation that came to be called the Sinhalas who not only had a common language, a common culture, a common king who spoke the language of the people (unlike the earlier kings of England who spoke French) and a common way of life. There was a one to one correspondence between the king and his people and the large number of inscriptions by the kings found all over the island in Sinhala bear ample testimony to this fact. Perhaps there were only two nation states in whole of the ancient world that being the Sinhalas and the Chinese. How many inscriptions in Tamil can be found in the Jaffna peninsula? The absence of such inscriptions in general implies that either the kings did not speak Tamil or the people did not speak Tamil. In either case it is wrong to say that the kingdom of the Arya Chackravarthins was a Tamil kingdom.
The Sinhala people previously comprised of kings of different vansas and people of different gothras, and we may infer that the kings belonging to the SinhaVansa gave the name Sinhala to the new nation. We may conclude from all these and the story on Pandukabhaya that the king Pandukabhaya belonged to the Sinha Vansa but had the support of the yaksha gothra beside that of the nagas and the devas living in the country at that time. It is not necessary to give Pandukabhaya a yaksha birth as some people try to do in order to explain the origin of the Sinhala nation. It is very unlikely a yaksha king would have given the name Sinhala to the nation he established and those who talk of the yaksha beginnings of the king have had to resort to fancy interpretations to the word Sinhala in the process.
As Prof. Indrapala had noted before he became a "prisoner" of the Tamil terrorists, there were no permanent Tamil settlements in Sri Lanka before the twelfth century meaning of course settlements of people who spoke Tamil as a language and not of an ethnic community as such. Tamils in this period even in India did not constitute an ethnic group but a group of people speaking the Tamil language. The population of the Jaffna peninsula when the Arya Chakravarthins came to Jaffna would have been Sinhala with some Velakkaras who spoke Malayalam. The Arya Chakravarthins would have established a Vassal state under the king of Sinhale that being the kingdom of the Sinhala people and the Sinhala king, and ruled over the Sinhalas and the Velakkaras. It is very likely that the Arya Chakravarthins followed the pattern of the Dambadiva or Bharat kings and established a Vansa kingdom though under the Sinhala king rather than a nation state or even a gothra state. There would not have been any one to one correspondence between the kings and the people and until the Dutch brought the Tamils for their tobacco cultivation there would not have been many Tamil speaking people in the Jaffna peninsula. When Vijaya and other kings of Sinha and other vansas came to Sri Lanka they also would have established their little kingdoms in the same manner most probably following a system that the Aryans began. It was this Bharat or Dambadiva tradition that all these rulers had brought to Sri Lanka at various times without taking into consideration that in Sri Lanka already gothra or national kingdoms (after king Pandukabhaya) had been established. In a gothra kingdom the king or the ruler belonged to the same gothra of the people whom he ruled and it was most probably this tradition that inspired king Pandukabhaya to establish a nation state after defeating some other princes who belonged either to the Sinha or the Sakya vansas. Pandukabhaya did not create a so called feudal kingdom uniting all the gothra kingdoms as some pundits who can look at the world only through the spectacles of the westerners claim, but established what we may call a nation state, though not on the western Christian modernity model, following the model of the gothra kingdoms which were in this part of the world before the Aryans and hence the Dravidians came to what is now known as South Asia.
After the Arya Chakravarthins lost to the Portuguese nothing significant would have happened to the population pattern in the Jaffna peninsula until the Dutch brought the Tamil speaking Vellalas for the tobacco cultivation. There would have been a Sinhala population with Vellakaras and may be a few Tamil speaking people. The Vellalas in Sri Lanka managed to organise themselves as the leading cast among the population as farmers and not as agricultural labourers, sometime after they had permanently settled down in Jaffna. This itself is different from the caste system (Varna) in Bharath where Brahmins are the leading cast. It is clear that the Vellalas have been influenced by the Sinhala society after the Europeans especially the British came to this country in which goigama cast was given preference. Also I am told that the Tamil spoken by the Tamils in Jaffna is not very much different from that spoken in Tamil Nadu and the separation of the two languages does not differ by more than three hundred and fifty years. The Thesavalamai was codified by the Dutch in 1707 to prevent the agricultural labourers going back to India after the harvest and together with Prof. Indrapala’s earlier observation that there were no permanent Tamil (speaking) settlements in Sri Lanka before the twelfth century it is not difficult to argue that the origin of the Tamils in Sri Lanka is very much closer to the twentieth century than many people try to figure out. After the Vellalas settled down permanently, with their majority in Jaffna they would have established a Tamil speaking community with the Sinhalas and the Velakkaras who had been living there becoming different casts of the Tamil speaking community. It may be that they formed into an "ethnic community" of some sort and not only a population speaking Tamil language following the Sinhala people who had by that time lived as a nation for more than two thousand years, during the British period. In any event it was the British who created the Tamil ethnic group by identifying them as a nation. The British first considered the Sinhalas and Tamils as the two majority nations to undermine the Sinhalas but when they realised that it was ridiculous to call the Tamils a majority nation they created the concepts of majority and minority nations and called the Tamils a minority. In any event it was the British who introduced the concept of ethnicity to people other than the Sinhalas, in Sri Lanka as well as in India and the only people who had been conscious of the fact of being a nation before the British introduced this concept in the region were the Sinhalas.
Now let us look into the history of the Tamils in Sri Lanka. What is the origin of the present Tamil population in Sri Lanka and in Jaffna in particular? Before the Vellalas were brought by the Dutch who populated the Jaffna peninsula? Before the Dutch the Portuguese ruled this area who conquered it by the name of the Arya Chakravarthins. There is no evidence to show that the Arya Chakravarthins were Tamils as there had not been a Tamil ethnic community in the twelfth, thirteenth centuries in any part of the world. The use of Tamil as a language does not necessarily imply the existence of an ethnic community by that name whether in India or Sri Lanka or any other place. The pundits who take extra care to show that Aryan refers to a language group and not an ethnic community should take this into consideration. In Dambadiva or Bharath there were no ethnic communities as such and kingdoms were identified by the vansa of the kings. From ancient times we know of Sakya, Liccavi, Maurya, Chera, Pandya, Soli, and Pallava kings but not of ethnic communities. Also various languages and dialects have been used to identify groups of people but not their ethnicity. As a result Tamil speaking people have been ruled by Pandya, Soli, Pallava kings and conversely Pallavas and others have ruled over various other communities speaking different languages. The kings were not identified with the community ruled by them and there was no one to one correspondence between the vansa of the kings and their subjects. Even if the language spoken by the Arya Chakravarthins was Tamil there is no evidence to show that the people who lived in the Jaffna peninsula in the thirteenth century spoke Tamil let alone them being identified as a Tamil ethnic community.
In the case of the Sinhalas it had been different from the days of king Pandukabhaya. It was king Pandukabhaya who did away with the vansas of kings and gothras of peoples and established a nation that came to be called the Sinhalas who not only had a common language, a common culture, a common king who spoke the language of the people (unlike the earlier kings of England who spoke French) and a common way of life. There was a one to one correspondence between the king and his people and the large number of inscriptions by the kings found all over the island in Sinhala bear ample testimony to this fact. Perhaps there were only two nation states in whole of the ancient world that being the Sinhalas and the Chinese. How many inscriptions in Tamil can be found in the Jaffna peninsula? The absence of such inscriptions in general implies that either the kings did not speak Tamil or the people did not speak Tamil. In either case it is wrong to say that the kingdom of the Arya Chackravarthins was a Tamil kingdom.
The Sinhala people previously comprised of kings of different vansas and people of different gothras, and we may infer that the kings belonging to the SinhaVansa gave the name Sinhala to the new nation. We may conclude from all these and the story on Pandukabhaya that the king Pandukabhaya belonged to the Sinha Vansa but had the support of the yaksha gothra beside that of the nagas and the devas living in the country at that time. It is not necessary to give Pandukabhaya a yaksha birth as some people try to do in order to explain the origin of the Sinhala nation. It is very unlikely a yaksha king would have given the name Sinhala to the nation he established and those who talk of the yaksha beginnings of the king have had to resort to fancy interpretations to the word Sinhala in the process.
As Prof. Indrapala had noted before he became a "prisoner" of the Tamil terrorists, there were no permanent Tamil settlements in Sri Lanka before the twelfth century meaning of course settlements of people who spoke Tamil as a language and not of an ethnic community as such. Tamils in this period even in India did not constitute an ethnic group but a group of people speaking the Tamil language. The population of the Jaffna peninsula when the Arya Chakravarthins came to Jaffna would have been Sinhala with some Velakkaras who spoke Malayalam. The Arya Chakravarthins would have established a Vassal state under the king of Sinhale that being the kingdom of the Sinhala people and the Sinhala king, and ruled over the Sinhalas and the Velakkaras. It is very likely that the Arya Chakravarthins followed the pattern of the Dambadiva or Bharat kings and established a Vansa kingdom though under the Sinhala king rather than a nation state or even a gothra state. There would not have been any one to one correspondence between the kings and the people and until the Dutch brought the Tamils for their tobacco cultivation there would not have been many Tamil speaking people in the Jaffna peninsula. When Vijaya and other kings of Sinha and other vansas came to Sri Lanka they also would have established their little kingdoms in the same manner most probably following a system that the Aryans began. It was this Bharat or Dambadiva tradition that all these rulers had brought to Sri Lanka at various times without taking into consideration that in Sri Lanka already gothra or national kingdoms (after king Pandukabhaya) had been established. In a gothra kingdom the king or the ruler belonged to the same gothra of the people whom he ruled and it was most probably this tradition that inspired king Pandukabhaya to establish a nation state after defeating some other princes who belonged either to the Sinha or the Sakya vansas. Pandukabhaya did not create a so called feudal kingdom uniting all the gothra kingdoms as some pundits who can look at the world only through the spectacles of the westerners claim, but established what we may call a nation state, though not on the western Christian modernity model, following the model of the gothra kingdoms which were in this part of the world before the Aryans and hence the Dravidians came to what is now known as South Asia.
After the Arya Chakravarthins lost to the Portuguese nothing significant would have happened to the population pattern in the Jaffna peninsula until the Dutch brought the Tamil speaking Vellalas for the tobacco cultivation. There would have been a Sinhala population with Vellakaras and may be a few Tamil speaking people. The Vellalas in Sri Lanka managed to organise themselves as the leading cast among the population as farmers and not as agricultural labourers, sometime after they had permanently settled down in Jaffna. This itself is different from the caste system (Varna) in Bharath where Brahmins are the leading cast. It is clear that the Vellalas have been influenced by the Sinhala society after the Europeans especially the British came to this country in which goigama cast was given preference. Also I am told that the Tamil spoken by the Tamils in Jaffna is not very much different from that spoken in Tamil Nadu and the separation of the two languages does not differ by more than three hundred and fifty years. The Thesavalamai was codified by the Dutch in 1707 to prevent the agricultural labourers going back to India after the harvest and together with Prof. Indrapala’s earlier observation that there were no permanent Tamil (speaking) settlements in Sri Lanka before the twelfth century it is not difficult to argue that the origin of the Tamils in Sri Lanka is very much closer to the twentieth century than many people try to figure out. After the Vellalas settled down permanently, with their majority in Jaffna they would have established a Tamil speaking community with the Sinhalas and the Velakkaras who had been living there becoming different casts of the Tamil speaking community. It may be that they formed into an "ethnic community" of some sort and not only a population speaking Tamil language following the Sinhala people who had by that time lived as a nation for more than two thousand years, during the British period. In any event it was the British who created the Tamil ethnic group by identifying them as a nation. The British first considered the Sinhalas and Tamils as the two majority nations to undermine the Sinhalas but when they realised that it was ridiculous to call the Tamils a majority nation they created the concepts of majority and minority nations and called the Tamils a minority. In any event it was the British who introduced the concept of ethnicity to people other than the Sinhalas, in Sri Lanka as well as in India and the only people who had been conscious of the fact of being a nation before the British introduced this concept in the region were the Sinhalas.
The solution by Nalin De Silva
(June 10, Colombo, Sri Lanka Guardian) Finally what is the solution we offer to the so called ethnic problem? In order to have a solution it is necessary to have a problem. The so called ethnic problem is nothing but a problem due to the unwillingness of the English speaking Jaffna Vellala Tamils to recognise the significance of the Sinhala Buddhist culture, instigated by the British. The Vellalas inspired and instigated by the British wanted to become the leaders of the country by creating a mythical history going back to thousands of years. However, these Vellalas were brought to Sri Lanka by the Dutch for their tobacco cultivations only after 1650 and the Tamils in Sri Lanka do not have a continuous history going back to any time before that year. The Vellalas had been taken by the Dutch to South Africa at about the same time they were brought to Sri Lanka and are referred to as agricultural labourers in that country. In Sri Lanka the Vellalas have achieved a position in society that was not possible for them to realize in South Africa. Sri Lanka and South Africa have inherited Roman Dutch Law and the Vellalas as a result of the Dutch occupation.
Now let us look into the history of the Tamils in Sri Lanka. What is the origin of the present Tamil population in Sri Lanka and in Jaffna in particular? Before the Vellalas were brought by the Dutch who populated the Jaffna peninsula? Before the Dutch the Portuguese ruled this area who conquered it by the name of the Arya Chakravarthins. There is no evidence to show that the Arya Chakravarthins were Tamils as there had not been a Tamil ethnic community in the twelfth, thirteenth centuries in any part of the world. The use of Tamil as a language does not necessarily imply the existence of an ethnic community by that name whether in India or Sri Lanka or any other place. The pundits who take extra care to show that Aryan refers to a language group and not an ethnic community should take this into consideration. In Dambadiva or Bharath there were no ethnic communities as such and kingdoms were identified by the vansa of the kings. From ancient times we know of Sakya, Liccavi, Maurya, Chera, Pandya, Soli, and Pallava kings but not of ethnic communities. Also various languages and dialects have been used to identify groups of people but not their ethnicity. As a result Tamil speaking people have been ruled by Pandya, Soli, Pallava kings and conversely Pallavas and others have ruled over various other communities speaking different languages. The kings were not identified with the community ruled by them and there was no one to one correspondence between the vansa of the kings and their subjects. Even if the language spoken by the Arya Chakravarthins was Tamil there is no evidence to show that the people who lived in the Jaffna peninsula in the thirteenth century spoke Tamil let alone them being identified as a Tamil ethnic community.
In the case of the Sinhalas it had been different from the days of king Pandukabhaya. It was king Pandukabhaya who did away with the vansas of kings and gothras of peoples and established a nation that came to be called the Sinhalas who not only had a common language, a common culture, a common king who spoke the language of the people (unlike the earlier kings of England who spoke French) and a common way of life. There was a one to one correspondence between the king and his people and the large number of inscriptions by the kings found all over the island in Sinhala bear ample testimony to this fact. Perhaps there were only two nation states in whole of the ancient world that being the Sinhalas and the Chinese. How many inscriptions in Tamil can be found in the Jaffna peninsula? The absence of such inscriptions in general implies that either the kings did not speak Tamil or the people did not speak Tamil. In either case it is wrong to say that the kingdom of the Arya Chackravarthins was a Tamil kingdom.
The Sinhala people previously comprised of kings of different vansas and people of different gothras, and we may infer that the kings belonging to the SinhaVansa gave the name Sinhala to the new nation. We may conclude from all these and the story on Pandukabhaya that the king Pandukabhaya belonged to the Sinha Vansa but had the support of the yaksha gothra beside that of the nagas and the devas living in the country at that time. It is not necessary to give Pandukabhaya a yaksha birth as some people try to do in order to explain the origin of the Sinhala nation. It is very unlikely a yaksha king would have given the name Sinhala to the nation he established and those who talk of the yaksha beginnings of the king have had to resort to fancy interpretations to the word Sinhala in the process.
As Prof. Indrapala had noted before he became a "prisoner" of the Tamil terrorists, there were no permanent Tamil settlements in Sri Lanka before the twelfth century meaning of course settlements of people who spoke Tamil as a language and not of an ethnic community as such. Tamils in this period even in India did not constitute an ethnic group but a group of people speaking the Tamil language. The population of the Jaffna peninsula when the Arya Chakravarthins came to Jaffna would have been Sinhala with some Velakkaras who spoke Malayalam. The Arya Chakravarthins would have established a Vassal state under the king of Sinhale that being the kingdom of the Sinhala people and the Sinhala king, and ruled over the Sinhalas and the Velakkaras. It is very likely that the Arya Chakravarthins followed the pattern of the Dambadiva or Bharat kings and established a Vansa kingdom though under the Sinhala king rather than a nation state or even a gothra state. There would not have been any one to one correspondence between the kings and the people and until the Dutch brought the Tamils for their tobacco cultivation there would not have been many Tamil speaking people in the Jaffna peninsula. When Vijaya and other kings of Sinha and other vansas came to Sri Lanka they also would have established their little kingdoms in the same manner most probably following a system that the Aryans began. It was this Bharat or Dambadiva tradition that all these rulers had brought to Sri Lanka at various times without taking into consideration that in Sri Lanka already gothra or national kingdoms (after king Pandukabhaya) had been established. In a gothra kingdom the king or the ruler belonged to the same gothra of the people whom he ruled and it was most probably this tradition that inspired king Pandukabhaya to establish a nation state after defeating some other princes who belonged either to the Sinha or the Sakya vansas. Pandukabhaya did not create a so called feudal kingdom uniting all the gothra kingdoms as some pundits who can look at the world only through the spectacles of the westerners claim, but established what we may call a nation state, though not on the western Christian modernity model, following the model of the gothra kingdoms which were in this part of the world before the Aryans and hence the Dravidians came to what is now known as South Asia.
After the Arya Chakravarthins lost to the Portuguese nothing significant would have happened to the population pattern in the Jaffna peninsula until the Dutch brought the Tamil speaking Vellalas for the tobacco cultivation. There would have been a Sinhala population with Vellakaras and may be a few Tamil speaking people. The Vellalas in Sri Lanka managed to organise themselves as the leading cast among the population as farmers and not as agricultural labourers, sometime after they had permanently settled down in Jaffna. This itself is different from the caste system (Varna) in Bharath where Brahmins are the leading cast. It is clear that the Vellalas have been influenced by the Sinhala society after the Europeans especially the British came to this country in which goigama cast was given preference. Also I am told that the Tamil spoken by the Tamils in Jaffna is not very much different from that spoken in Tamil Nadu and the separation of the two languages does not differ by more than three hundred and fifty years. The Thesavalamai was codified by the Dutch in 1707 to prevent the agricultural labourers going back to India after the harvest and together with Prof. Indrapala’s earlier observation that there were no permanent Tamil (speaking) settlements in Sri Lanka before the twelfth century it is not difficult to argue that the origin of the Tamils in Sri Lanka is very much closer to the twentieth century than many people try to figure out. After the Vellalas settled down permanently, with their majority in Jaffna they would have established a Tamil speaking community with the Sinhalas and the Velakkaras who had been living there becoming different casts of the Tamil speaking community. It may be that they formed into an "ethnic community" of some sort and not only a population speaking Tamil language following the Sinhala people who had by that time lived as a nation for more than two thousand years, during the British period. In any event it was the British who created the Tamil ethnic group by identifying them as a nation. The British first considered the Sinhalas and Tamils as the two majority nations to undermine the Sinhalas but when they realised that it was ridiculous to call the Tamils a majority nation they created the concepts of majority and minority nations and called the Tamils a minority. In any event it was the British who introduced the concept of ethnicity to people other than the Sinhalas, in Sri Lanka as well as in India and the only people who had been conscious of the fact of being a nation before the British introduced this concept in the region were the Sinhalas.
Now let us look into the history of the Tamils in Sri Lanka. What is the origin of the present Tamil population in Sri Lanka and in Jaffna in particular? Before the Vellalas were brought by the Dutch who populated the Jaffna peninsula? Before the Dutch the Portuguese ruled this area who conquered it by the name of the Arya Chakravarthins. There is no evidence to show that the Arya Chakravarthins were Tamils as there had not been a Tamil ethnic community in the twelfth, thirteenth centuries in any part of the world. The use of Tamil as a language does not necessarily imply the existence of an ethnic community by that name whether in India or Sri Lanka or any other place. The pundits who take extra care to show that Aryan refers to a language group and not an ethnic community should take this into consideration. In Dambadiva or Bharath there were no ethnic communities as such and kingdoms were identified by the vansa of the kings. From ancient times we know of Sakya, Liccavi, Maurya, Chera, Pandya, Soli, and Pallava kings but not of ethnic communities. Also various languages and dialects have been used to identify groups of people but not their ethnicity. As a result Tamil speaking people have been ruled by Pandya, Soli, Pallava kings and conversely Pallavas and others have ruled over various other communities speaking different languages. The kings were not identified with the community ruled by them and there was no one to one correspondence between the vansa of the kings and their subjects. Even if the language spoken by the Arya Chakravarthins was Tamil there is no evidence to show that the people who lived in the Jaffna peninsula in the thirteenth century spoke Tamil let alone them being identified as a Tamil ethnic community.
In the case of the Sinhalas it had been different from the days of king Pandukabhaya. It was king Pandukabhaya who did away with the vansas of kings and gothras of peoples and established a nation that came to be called the Sinhalas who not only had a common language, a common culture, a common king who spoke the language of the people (unlike the earlier kings of England who spoke French) and a common way of life. There was a one to one correspondence between the king and his people and the large number of inscriptions by the kings found all over the island in Sinhala bear ample testimony to this fact. Perhaps there were only two nation states in whole of the ancient world that being the Sinhalas and the Chinese. How many inscriptions in Tamil can be found in the Jaffna peninsula? The absence of such inscriptions in general implies that either the kings did not speak Tamil or the people did not speak Tamil. In either case it is wrong to say that the kingdom of the Arya Chackravarthins was a Tamil kingdom.
The Sinhala people previously comprised of kings of different vansas and people of different gothras, and we may infer that the kings belonging to the SinhaVansa gave the name Sinhala to the new nation. We may conclude from all these and the story on Pandukabhaya that the king Pandukabhaya belonged to the Sinha Vansa but had the support of the yaksha gothra beside that of the nagas and the devas living in the country at that time. It is not necessary to give Pandukabhaya a yaksha birth as some people try to do in order to explain the origin of the Sinhala nation. It is very unlikely a yaksha king would have given the name Sinhala to the nation he established and those who talk of the yaksha beginnings of the king have had to resort to fancy interpretations to the word Sinhala in the process.
As Prof. Indrapala had noted before he became a "prisoner" of the Tamil terrorists, there were no permanent Tamil settlements in Sri Lanka before the twelfth century meaning of course settlements of people who spoke Tamil as a language and not of an ethnic community as such. Tamils in this period even in India did not constitute an ethnic group but a group of people speaking the Tamil language. The population of the Jaffna peninsula when the Arya Chakravarthins came to Jaffna would have been Sinhala with some Velakkaras who spoke Malayalam. The Arya Chakravarthins would have established a Vassal state under the king of Sinhale that being the kingdom of the Sinhala people and the Sinhala king, and ruled over the Sinhalas and the Velakkaras. It is very likely that the Arya Chakravarthins followed the pattern of the Dambadiva or Bharat kings and established a Vansa kingdom though under the Sinhala king rather than a nation state or even a gothra state. There would not have been any one to one correspondence between the kings and the people and until the Dutch brought the Tamils for their tobacco cultivation there would not have been many Tamil speaking people in the Jaffna peninsula. When Vijaya and other kings of Sinha and other vansas came to Sri Lanka they also would have established their little kingdoms in the same manner most probably following a system that the Aryans began. It was this Bharat or Dambadiva tradition that all these rulers had brought to Sri Lanka at various times without taking into consideration that in Sri Lanka already gothra or national kingdoms (after king Pandukabhaya) had been established. In a gothra kingdom the king or the ruler belonged to the same gothra of the people whom he ruled and it was most probably this tradition that inspired king Pandukabhaya to establish a nation state after defeating some other princes who belonged either to the Sinha or the Sakya vansas. Pandukabhaya did not create a so called feudal kingdom uniting all the gothra kingdoms as some pundits who can look at the world only through the spectacles of the westerners claim, but established what we may call a nation state, though not on the western Christian modernity model, following the model of the gothra kingdoms which were in this part of the world before the Aryans and hence the Dravidians came to what is now known as South Asia.
After the Arya Chakravarthins lost to the Portuguese nothing significant would have happened to the population pattern in the Jaffna peninsula until the Dutch brought the Tamil speaking Vellalas for the tobacco cultivation. There would have been a Sinhala population with Vellakaras and may be a few Tamil speaking people. The Vellalas in Sri Lanka managed to organise themselves as the leading cast among the population as farmers and not as agricultural labourers, sometime after they had permanently settled down in Jaffna. This itself is different from the caste system (Varna) in Bharath where Brahmins are the leading cast. It is clear that the Vellalas have been influenced by the Sinhala society after the Europeans especially the British came to this country in which goigama cast was given preference. Also I am told that the Tamil spoken by the Tamils in Jaffna is not very much different from that spoken in Tamil Nadu and the separation of the two languages does not differ by more than three hundred and fifty years. The Thesavalamai was codified by the Dutch in 1707 to prevent the agricultural labourers going back to India after the harvest and together with Prof. Indrapala’s earlier observation that there were no permanent Tamil (speaking) settlements in Sri Lanka before the twelfth century it is not difficult to argue that the origin of the Tamils in Sri Lanka is very much closer to the twentieth century than many people try to figure out. After the Vellalas settled down permanently, with their majority in Jaffna they would have established a Tamil speaking community with the Sinhalas and the Velakkaras who had been living there becoming different casts of the Tamil speaking community. It may be that they formed into an "ethnic community" of some sort and not only a population speaking Tamil language following the Sinhala people who had by that time lived as a nation for more than two thousand years, during the British period. In any event it was the British who created the Tamil ethnic group by identifying them as a nation. The British first considered the Sinhalas and Tamils as the two majority nations to undermine the Sinhalas but when they realised that it was ridiculous to call the Tamils a majority nation they created the concepts of majority and minority nations and called the Tamils a minority. In any event it was the British who introduced the concept of ethnicity to people other than the Sinhalas, in Sri Lanka as well as in India and the only people who had been conscious of the fact of being a nation before the British introduced this concept in the region were the Sinhalas.
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